1^st International Conference on Smart Grid Technologies September 11-12, 2017 Singapore

Smarter design requires smarter design tools. The framework is based on an innovative approach which integrates a model for specifying autonomous behaviour and architectural model design for specifying Smart Grids. This autonomous model makes a loop for monitoring the properties that have to be controlled, analyse its value. Smart grid architectural model prolongs software architectural models with the concept of power network domain to facilitate the design. The framework follows with a well defined process that involves configuration of autonomous smart grid architectures, the execution of model-to-code generation patterns and the execution of the generated code. The power system supplying energy i.e.,the large generating units and the transmission grid has good communication links to ensure its effective operation, to enable market transactions, to maintain the security of the system, and to facilitate the integrated operation of the generators and transmission circuits. These power systems have some automatic control systems which are limited to local, discrete functions to ensure predictable behaviour by the generators and the transmission network during major disturbances.

Our "Smart Grid" focusing on the consumption of energy.

Power travels from the power plant to the required destination through a system called the power distribution grid. The power to be useful for home or business, it comes from the transmission grid and is stepped-down to the distribution grid. This may happen in several phases. The conversion from "transmission" to "distribution" occurs is in a power substation. It has transformers that step transmission voltages (in the tens or hundreds of thousands of volts range) down to distribution voltages (typically less than 10,000 volts). Since wires extending from Earth's surface to an orbiting satellite are neither practical nor feasible with current technology, SBSP designs include the use of some manner of wireless power transmission.

Electrical power starts flowing from the power plant which consists of a spinning electrical generator. The alternating currents(AC) in power plant are more advantageous than direct currects (DC) as the transformers must compulsorily should possess alternating currents to operate and the power from power distribution grid depends on transformers. Hence AC currents are more in use than DC currents. The three-phase power from generator enters a transmission substation at the power plant which has large transformers to convert the generator voltage to extremely high voltages for long-distance transmission on the transmission grid. This power from transmission grid is stepped-down to the distribution grid n several phases in power substation.

Kuramoto model is the behavior of a large set of coupled oscillators. It is mainly designed with the systems of chemical and biological oscillators. It also has its global applications in neuroscience.  In smart grid architectures there arises a synchronization problem for the network-reduced model of a power system with nontrivial transfer of conductances. Our goal is to exploit the relationship between the power network model and a first-order model of coupled oscillators. Nonuniform Kuramoto oscillators are characterized by multiple time constants, nonhomogeneous coupling, and nonuniform phase shifts. In kuramoto model, each of the oscillators is considered to have its own intrinsic natural frequency and each is coupled equally to all other oscillators. The original analysis of synchronization is accomplished by Kuramoto in the case of mean-field coupling. Analysis of the mean-field KM is made with white noise forcing terms. In power grids if the network is lossless and the voltage levels |Vi| at all nodes i ∈ V1 ∪ V2 are constant, then the maximum real power transfer between any two nodes   i, j ∈ V1 ∪ V2 is aij = |Vi| · |Vj | · =(Yij ), where =(Yij ) denotes the susceptance of the transmission line.

Our "Smart Grid" is providing a platform to speak on Kuramoto Oscillators.

Solar cells are typically named after the semiconducting material from which they are made up of. These materials have the power of absorbing the sunlight. The main application of solar cells is in the space is to provide electric power to the satellites. A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the light energy directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. The solar cell works when Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed by semiconducting materials like silicon. In solar cells usually silicon is used in two layers, one layer being bonded with boron, the other with phosphorus.

A solar cell has the phenomena of Photoelectric effect or photoemission which is the production of electrons or other free carriers when light falls onto a material. Electrons are emitted and can be called photoelectrons. The materials with the lowest threshold frequencies are all semiconductors. Photovoltaics are the ejected electron travels through the emitting material to enter a solid electrode with the photo emitter instead of traveling through a vacuum to an anode leading to the direct conversion of radiant energy to electrical energy. Photoconductivity defined as an increase in the electrical conductivity of a non-metallic solid when exposed the electromagnetic radiation.

Grid energy storage also called large-scale energy storage. Large quantities of electrical energy can be stored using pumped hydro or underground compressed air facilities. Smaller quantities of energy can be stored in batteries, flywheels and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) devices.  In Superconducting magnetic energy storage systems a magnetic field is created by direct current passing through a superconducting coil in which resistive losses are negligible and so the energy stored in the magnetic field does not reduce with time. Energy is stored as electrostatic field in capacitor

Energy storage should be available to industry and regulators as its necessary to resolve issues of grid resiliency and reliability. Energy storage should be a well-accepted contributor for realization of smart-grid benefits specifically enabling confident deployment of electric transportation and optimal utilization of demand-side assets. On-Grid Area Renewable increases ratio of renewable generation may cause several issues in the power grid. EV powered by electricity from less or non-fossil energy sources can be made by Off-Grid Area.

We have seen a great response on Energy Storage at Smart Grid conference 2016

Most of the energy sources on Earth originate from the sun which results from the heat escaping from hot rocks below the Earth's surface and from the effects of radioactive decay. The growing diffusion of renewable sources is due to the electrical system. Important source for renewable energy is solar power, wind power, geothermal power and fossil fuels. Major sources of renewable energy include fossil fuels. The most important feature of renewable energy is that it can be harnessed without the release of harmful pollutants. As these resources begin to supply of power to the grid, integrating them into grid operations is becoming increasingly difficult. Hence, there is a need for the development of a highly reliable, self-regulating and efficient grid system which allows the integration of renewable distributed power generation.

Power Quality Instrumentation and Measurement can be easy for distributed and Renewable Environments. Non-hydro renewable annual electricity generation has more than doubled by the usuage of renewable resources. Hydropower produced nearly half of total renewable electricity generation has doubled.

Previous Smart Grid conferences 2016 explained the importance of renewable energy resources and it’s conversation as well.

Major concern for the utilities is Electricity theft. Power plants – coal, natural gas, petroleum or nuclear stuff is burned to release heat, which boils water into steam, which spins a turbine, which generates electricity. In thermodynamic limits only two-thirds of the energy in the raw materials actually makes it onto the grid in the form of electricity. Various "smart grid" systems have dual functions. This includes Advanced Metering Infrastructure systems which, when used with various software can be used to detect power theft and by process of elimination, detect where equipment failures have taken place. These are in addition to their primary functions of eliminating the need for human meter reading and measuring the time-of-use of electricity. The behavior of electricity stealing not only makes the power industry suffering huge financial losses but also threatens the main power supply security and reliability. Un-hooking technology will lead to the electricity stealing. Through GSM technology, the distribution code is sent to substation the operator can instantly attend the pole and through the micro computer and can get meter code from where the power has been theft. Hence the theft can immediately stopped at the place which it is happening.

Power Loss from a grid discuss about [Smart Grid conferences]

Overall view of a smart grid to deliver electricity from suppliers to consumers using digital technology to save energy, reduce cost and increase reliability and transparency. Because of low cost, flexible and redundant architecture and fast response time, cloud computing has the functionality to provide the security, interoperability and performance required for large-scale smart grid applications. Smart-grid-like applications are not easily replicable.

For Demand Response grid automatically response to adjust electricity use depending on price or carbon intensity. One of smart Appliance is a special monitoring circuit that can detect when the grid is under stress from temporary overload and with the application of response it reduce its energy for a short time and allow the grid to recover. In networkable appliances it will have the ability to communicate electronically with energy management systems either wireless or by signals that travel on the power connection and this is called power line carrier communication.

Cybersecurity enhances the security and reliability of country’s electric grid. Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability are the major keys to enhance the reliability and resilience of the nation's energy infrastructure. Cybersecurity of energy delivery systems is critical for protecting the energy infrastructure and the integral function. Energy Reliability designed the Cybersecurity for Energy Delivery Systems (CEDS) program to assist the energy sector asset owners (electric, oil, and gas) by developing cybersecurity solutions for energy delivery systems through integrated planning. Energy delivery systems are the backbone of energy sector. Cybersecurity is encouraged as to be reflexive.

The major role of Cybersecurity was explained well at Smart Grid conferences 2016

Cloud Computing is an on-demand network access to a configurable computing resources such as networks, servers, storage, applications, and services that can be rapidly released with management effort or service provider interaction. It has a characteristic of Ubiquitous Network Access. Smart Grid applications in Cloud Computing (CC) model can be done by Computational requirements. Flexible resources and services shared in network, parallel processing and omnipresent access are some features of Cloud Computing that are used for Smart Grid applications. Master-Slave architected (without clouds) could cause Cyber-attacks. Cloud technology will help in adopting a feasible solution for multisensorial consumer specific operations. Bringing cloud to smart grid will add an optimal influence and substantial improvements in the performance of the whole grid for the current existing computing and storage capabilities. Cloud Computing for Smart Grid applications is also defined in terms of efficiency, security and usability. “Data as a Service” model will enable Department of Energy to continuously monitor the health and performance of the Smart Grid and to support energy management decisions quickly and accurately.

Cloud Computing can discuss and invent a proper method for Smart Grid conferences]

Smart-metering will become a standard in consumer data.Conservation of energy will be higher. Electricity Pricing and Equity is concerned upon the rise of renewable energy sources, increased grid complexity which changed the consumer demands, and volatile fossil-fuel costs. Technological changes are being driven by the introduction of enhanced technologies like power electronics, Distributed generation (DB), Micro grids, Digital protection co-ordination, supervisory control, and energy management.

Power Patrol, can provide benefits that supports the trends along by providing valuable visibility on energy management.Since sensors will have a more vital role in providing data high accuracy is critical. Host DG sources and electric vehicles are important in developing future smart grids. Next-generation distribution networks need active distribution management (ADM) which shows the recent development in ADM technologies and methods. Distribution networks decentralizes the management framework, where equipment can be autonomous.

We can say Smart Grid as “A Global Strategic Business Report” for the power supply to any specific destionations as required by the consumers for their needy. As per industry norms much of power generation is due to the Wind and by the Solar Power and also the output power from the grid is accurate than other resources. The investment spent will be smart by the renewable resources and can gain a good reliable electricity from a smart grid according to the previous statistics.

Grid can also be defined as a subset of Big Data analytics solutions used specifically for energy needs. Its main aim is to optimize their efficiency and minimize losses occurring in electricity generation and distribution of power supply. Based on the end-users, the market for smart grid data analytics is segmented into small & medium enterprises,  large enterprises, and public sector entities.